Language learning difficulties

Communication difficulties can affect how children understand and use language. Children with these difficulties may struggle with speaking, understanding, or both. They might use short sentences, mix up word order, or say “um” often. These challenges can make it hard for them at home, in school, and with friends.

Communication difficulties are different from speech sound disorders, where the child has trouble making sounds. In communication difficulties, the child can make sounds but has trouble using them to communicate. These difficulties are not caused by a lack of stimulation or disinterest, nor do they mean the child is “lazy.” They are part of a context of language difficulties that affect how the brain learns and uses language. Children with these difficulties need extra help to improve their language skills.

What is typical?

Communication skills develop over time as children grow. Most children reach certain milestones as they learn to communicate. Here’s what you might expect to see at different ages:

• By age 2: Children can usually say a few words and understand simple instructions.
• By age 3: Children can speak in short sentences and follow simple directions.
• By age 4: Children can tell simple stories and understand basic concepts like colors and shapes.
• By age 5: Children can use full sentences and understand more complex instructions.
• By ages 6-7: Children can have conversations and understand stories read to them.
• By ages 8-9: Children can understand jokes and riddles and use language to express their thoughts clearly.
• By ages 10-11: Children can use language to learn new information and explain their ideas.
• By ages 12-14: Children can use language to discuss abstract ideas and understand different points of view.

When spoken language develops very slowly, or with many challenges, it is time to investigate.

When should I be concerned?

There are signs that a child might be having communication difficulties. These signs can vary based on the child’s age. Children may have trouble learning and using language, both spoken and written. They might struggle with vocabulary, sentence structure, or having conversations. They may use short, simple sentences or put words in the wrong order. They might say “um” a lot or repeat parts of questions before answering. Children with communication difficulties might avoid talking to people they don’t know well or have a limited vocabulary. They may also have trouble organizing their thoughts or following directions.

If teachers report that a child has difficulty following activities that involve speech, stories, or instructions, this also deserves attention. The earlier these difficulties are identified, the greater the chances of progress with the right help.

What can I do to help?

As a caregiver, you can try several things to help a child with communication difficulties:

1. Simplify your language: Use simple words and short sentences when speaking to your child. This helps them understand better.
2. Be direct: Clearly say what you mean. Avoid using too many words or complicated sentences.
3. Encourage repetition: Ask your child to repeat back what you said to ensure they understand.
4. Read together: Read bedtime stories out loud and discuss them. This helps build vocabulary and comprehension.
5. Play language games: Engage in games that involve naming objects, describing things, or storytelling.
6. Use visual aids: Use pictures or gestures to help your child understand words and concepts.
7. Provide positive feedback: Praise your child for their efforts and progress in communication.

Be patient with the process, avoid harsh corrections, and do not demand perfection. Appreciate any attempt at communication and give your child time to express themselves.

What kind of professional support can I seek out?

If your child’s communication difficulties last more than a few weeks, ask for an evaluation from a professional or get help from your child’s school. Getting help early is better for your child’s communication skills and self-esteem.

Speech-language pathologistsare professionals who can help children with communication challenges. They use special techniques to improve language and speech skills. Educational psychologistsand neuropsychologistscan also help. Early intervention is key to helping your child succeed.

You can also find free support through the Unified Health System (SUS). Care often begins at your local Basic Health Unit (UBS), which can refer you to specialized services if necessary.